P53 activating compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds which activate the p53 response, and find use in, for example, hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer treatment and potentially other diseases/conditions (involving sirtuin function).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/GB2007/003302, filed Sep. 4, 2007, which claims the benefit of United Kingdom Application No. GB 0617278.7, filed Sep. 4, 2006, and United Kingdom Application No. 0625929.5, filed Nov. 23, 2006, the contents of all of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds which activate the p53 response, and find use in, for example, hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer treatment and potentially other diseases/conditions (involving sirtuin function).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The P53 tumour suppressor protein is a central mediator of cellular stress response. P53 plays a major role in preventing tumour development. It responds to a range of potentially oncogenic stresses by activating protective mechanisms, most notably cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Its importance as a tumour suppressor is reflected by its high rate of mutation in human cancer, with >50% of adult human tumours bearing inactivating mutations or deletions in the TP53 gene. In many cancers where p53 is wild-type, the p53 pathway may be altered by other oncogenic events. This means that the p53 response is probably defective in most cancers.

Contrary to the findings in solid tumours in adults, the occurrence of p53 mutations in virus-associated malignancies (e.g., cervical cancer), haematological malignant diseases and childhood cancer is very low. This may be the key to the much better prognosis of children with cancer compared to adults. When considering long term therapies or treatment of young patients, however, it is important to be aware of the mutagenic effects of many current therapies. Additionally, literature shows that treatment of B-CLL patients with DNA-damaging alkylating agents correlates with the appearance of mutations in p53 that are associated significantly with poor outcome and drug resistance. Improving the treatment of those cancers in which p53 function is not abolished by mutation may depend on finding novel non-genotoxic activators of the p53 response.

Many current anti-cancer therapies activate the p53 response via DNA damage. Non-genotoxic activation of the p53 pathway may open the way to long-term, including, prophylactic treatments for cancer. Molecules which are consistent with this requirement may be useful as therapeutic agents for the management of patients with hyperproliferative conditions, without abolishing p53 function by mutation.

It is an object of the present invention to provide molecules, and the use of those molecules, for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of conditions and diseases involving abnormal P53 function, such as hyperproliferative conditions, such as cancer, and related conditions.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide molecules, and the use of those molecules, for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of conditions and diseases associated with sirtuin expression and/or function, such as cancer, diabetes muscle differentiation, heart failure, neurodegeneration, aging, HIV infection and malaria.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided use of a compound according to formula (I) as a medicament:

wherein, R¹ is independently H; branched or unbranched; mono, di, or tri; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; or aryl; or Z-alkyl, Z-alkenyl, Z-alkynyl or Z-aryl, wherein Z is O, NH, N, or S or comprises a group which links to a label, probe or solvent solubilising group; Y is absent or —C(O)—, —C═S—, or —SO₂—; Ar, Ar′ are aryl; X is O or S; R³ and R⁴ are independently absent or present and when present are independently H or branched or unbranched; mono, di or tri; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or Z-alkyl, wherein Z is O, NH, N or S or R³ and R⁴ are bound together to form a branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene or Z-alkene, wherein Z is O, NH, N or S; R⁵ and R⁶ are independently absent or present and when present are independently branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; and wherein,

when R³ is present, the dashed line b is a single bond, and when R³ is absent, the dashed line b is a double bond;

when R⁴ is present, the dashed lines c and d are single bonds, and when R⁴ is absent, one of the dashed lines c or d is a double bond and the other is a single bond; and,

when R⁵ and R⁶ are absent, the dashed lines a and e respectively are double bonds, and when R⁵ and R⁶ are present, the dashed lines a and e respectively are single bonds, or

a physiologically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or other physiologically functional derivative thereof.

Thus, the single or double bond requirements of the dashed lines a, b, c, d and e, are chosen to ensure that the tetra-valency of the associated carbon, and tri-valency of the nitrogen atoms, is maintained. It is noted, however, that the nitrogen atoms may become tetra-valent and positively charged though bonding of an H or other moiety e.g. alkyl group, thereto.

Thus, for the avoidance of doubt, variations of the compounds of formula (I) may be represented by the following compound formulae (IA-D):

Without wishing to be bound by theory, from studying structure-activity relationships, it appears that the grouping in formula (I) of R¹—Y—NH— provides the activity by providing a hydrogen bond donor group, e.g. as provided for by the NH moiety. It also appears that R² is preferably a sterically bulky group.

Y may be present or absent, but is preferably present. Y is preferably a —C(O)— group.

R¹ is preferably independently an H, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl group.

The aryl group, Ar may be a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or polycyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety.

Preferably, Ar is phenyl.

When Ar is phenyl, it is preferred that the groups bonded thereto are in the para-position, i.e. the —NH— is para- to the group —NR³—.

Preferably Ar′ is phenyl substituted at one or more available position by a C₂-C₁₀ branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. Preferably, R² is a branched alkyl group, such as a secondary or tertiary alkyl group.

Most preferably, R² is an iso-propyl or tertiary butyl group (i.e. tert-butyl).

It is preferred that the R² group is positioned in the para-position of the phenyl ring to which it is bonded.

Preferably, R⁵ and R⁶ are absent, such that the dashed lines a and e are double bonds.

Preferably, R³ and R⁴ are present, and preferably are hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl, e.g. methyl.

References to alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl herein include references to branched or unbranched substituted or unsubstituted linear or cyclic versions of those groups.

References to aryl herein include references to substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or polycyclic aryl or heteroaryl.

When R¹ is not H, it may be substituted one or more times with a group independently selected, at each occurrence, from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl, carboxy, alkyloxycarbonyl hydroxyl, amino, morpholino, nitro, alkyloxy, alkylthio, formyl, cyano, carbamoyl, halo (e.g. fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), a ketone, —S(O)NR⁷R⁸ or —S(O)R⁹, wherein R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl.

Typically, R¹ is an alkyl group, preferably a C₃-C₆ straight chain alkyl, e.g. a C₄ alkyl, e.g. n-butyl.

Typically, the alkyl group is substituted at the free terminal end with a substituent selected from phenyl, hydroxyl, amino, morpholino, nitro, alkyloxy, alkylthio, formyl, cyano, carbamoyl, halo (e.g. fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), a ketone, —S(O)NR⁷R⁸ or —S(O)R⁹, wherein R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl.

When the terminal substituent is a morpholino group, it is preferably bonded to the terminous of R¹ by its nitrogen atom.

The terminal substituent may be a halogen, e.g. bromo, thus providing an R¹ group having the formula Br (CH₂)₄—.

When the terminal substituent is an amino or morpholino group, the nitrogen atom thereof may be protonated (e.g. from the action of an acid) to form a positively charged species.

The terminal R¹ may advantageously be considered as a linker group to link to a label, affinity resin or substrate probe and/or water soluble group. For example, the linker may link the remaining part of the compound according to formula (I) (i.e. the active compound) to a label or probe used in biochemical experiments, for example, to provide molecules having utility in mechanism of action studies. The linker may be any suitable moiety for this purpose, such as an alkyl chain, polymers of ethylene glycol (i.e. (OCH₂CH₂)_(n1)) and peptides of 6-aminohexanoic acid (i.e. (NH(CH₂)₅CO)_(n2)), wherein n1 and n2 indicate that the molecule is a polymer, and typically are integers ranging from 1 to about 6 or 8. Labels and probes include entities known for such purposes, such as, biotin, streptavadin, fluorophores (e.g. bodipy, fluorescein and rhodamine), radioactive labels and solid phase matrices, e.g. polymers such as polymer beads, for example polystyrene. Water solubilising groups include groups suitable for such purpose, including sugars, amines, amino acids, phosphates and the like, and salts of these.

A water solubilising group may be used to modify the solubility of the active compound to alter, e.g. to optimise, the bioavailability and/or pharmacokinetics of the compound, particularly when used as a pharmaceutical.

References to amino herein, include references to cyclic amino groups, i.e. wherein the nitrogen atom of the amine is a member of a ring.

References to amino herein, also include references to protonated versions of the amines, and salts thereof. For example, the amine may be protonated and form a salt with a number of acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and the like, including carboxylic acids. For example, the hydrochloride salts of an amine may exhibit increased solubility in water and aqueous solvents.

In formula (I), the aryl moiety may be, for example, a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl ring structure or other polycyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety.

Phenyl is an example of a 6-membered aryl group.

Typically, the heteroatom in the heteroaryl structure is selected from oxygen or nitrogen.

Furyl and pyrrolyl are examples of 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing an oxygen and a nitrogen heteroatom respectively.

Pyridinyl and pyrimidinyl are examples of 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing one nitrogen and two nitrogen atoms respectively.

Naphthyl is an example of a polycyclic aryl group which has a 10 carbon atom framework formed as two fused 6-membered rings.

As indicated, the aryl group may be substituted at one or more positions, and suitable substituents may be independently selected, at each substituent position, from those substituents which define R¹ or R².

The substituents may be bonded to the aryl group directly or via a group which is independently selected from —O—, —S—, —N— or —(CR¹⁰R¹¹)_(n)— wherein, n is an integer from 1 to 25, e.g. 1 to 10, such as 1 to 4, and R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently at each occurrence selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl, carboxy, alkyloxycarbonyl hydroxyl, amino, morpholino, nitro, alkyloxy, alkylthio, formyl, cyano, carbamoyl, halo (e.g. fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), a ketone, —S(O)NR⁷R⁹ or —S(O)R⁹, wherein R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are defined as hereinbefore.

Preferred compounds of formula (I) for use as a medicament have the following formula (II):

wherein,

R¹, R² and Y are defined as hereinbefore, or

a physiologically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or other physiologically functional derivatives thereof.

Preferably, R¹YNH— and/or R²— are in the para-position on the respective phenyl rings to which they are bonded.

Preferably Y is the group —C(O)—, thus preferably, the group R¹YNH— is R¹C(O)NH—.

Preferred compounds are also identified in the Examples Section, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvents, esters or other physiologically functional derivative thereof.

The present invention also extends to pharmaceutical formulations comprising the compounds of formulae (I) or (II) together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor, as explained in further detail below.

The present invention also extends to methods of treatment or prophylaxis comprising administering one or more compounds of formulae (I) or (II) described herein to a patient in need thereof, as described herein below in more detail.

The present invention also extends to novel compounds within the scope of formulae (I) and (II).

Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention provides a compound according to formulae (I) or (II) recited herein, excluding the compounds:

In the compound formulae described herein, an alkyl group may be independently a C₁-C₂₂ alkyl, preferably a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, preferably C₁-C₄ alkyl, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl.

An alkenyl group may be independently a C₂-C₂₂ alkenyl, preferably a C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, preferably C₂-C₄ alkenyl.

An alkynyl group may be independently a C₂-C₂₂ alkynyl, preferably a C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, preferably C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

The alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups may be branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted. For example typical branched alkyl groups include iso-propyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 3-methylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl and variations, including isomers thereof.

As described herein, the alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups may be substituted, and the substituents may be any chemical moiety such as a hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted amine, substituted or unsubstituted amide, halide (such as fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo), alkoxy, thio, nitro, carboxy, an ester, cyano, or aryl (such as phenyl, naphyl and pyridyl).

The geometry of the double bonds in the compounds described herein, e.g. in the alkenyl groups may be in the cis- or trans-geometry.

Examples of physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds according to the invention include acid addition salts formed with organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, lactic, tartaric, maleic, citric, pyruvic, oxalic, fumaric, oxaloacetic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids; organic sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids and inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids.

Physiologically functional derivatives of compounds of the present invention are derivatives, which can be converted in the body into the parent compound. Such physiologically functional derivatives may also be referred to as “pro-drugs” or “bioprecursors”. Physiologically functional derivatives of compounds of the present invention include in vivo hydrolysable esters.

It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle a corresponding solvate of the compounds described herein, which may be used in the any one of the uses/methods described. The term solvate is used herein to refer to a complex of solute, such as a compound or salt of the compound, and a solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be termed a hydrate, for example a mono-hydrate, di-hydrate, tri-hydrate etc, depending on the number of water molecules present per molecule of substrate.

It will be appreciated that the compounds of the present invention may exist in various stereoisomeric forms and the compounds of the present invention as hereinbefore defined include all stereoisomeric forms and mixtures thereof, including enantiomers and racemic mixtures. The present invention includes within its scope the use of any such stereoisomeric form or mixture of stereoisomers, including the individual enantiomers of the compounds of formulae (I) or (II) as well as wholly or partially racemic mixtures of such enantiomers.

The compounds of the present invention may be prepared using reagents and techniques readily available in the art and as described hereinafter. Novel intermediate compounds in the synthetic route for preparation of the compounds of the present invention may be important molecules for general application for the preparation of the molecules of the present invention. Accordingly, the present invention extends to include those novel intermediate compounds.

As an example, the compounds may be synthesised using methods described in European Patent, publication number EP 0 136 745 B1 and European Patent Application, publication number EP 0 193 249 A2.

Useful synthetic methods for preparing the compounds according to formula (II) include treating various benzoyl chlorides with a metal thiocyanate (e.g. sodium thiocyanate) in a solvent (e.g. acetone) to provide benzoyl isothiocyanates, which are then reacted (preferably in situ) with anilines to provide the desired compounds according to formula (II) as shown in the following scheme:

In the above scheme, the phenyl groups are representative of any aryl group. Further functionalisation may be achieved by acylation or alkylation. Under basic aqueous conditions, the compounds can undergo hydrolysis to provide N-arylthioureas.

As indicated above, the present invention provides a treatment or prophylaxis of a disease, pathology or condition recited herein comprising administering a compound recited herein to a patient in need thereof.

Diseases relevant to the present invention include those involving abnormal cell death associated with abnormalities with the P53 protein, its function and/or the P53 pathway.

In particular, diseases involving abnormal proliferation of cells are treatable with the compounds recited herein. Examples of such diseases include cancers, hyperproliferation disorders (including warts, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease), rheumatoid/autoimmune conditions, sickle cell anemia, thalasemias and the like.

Examples of cancers which may be treated by the active compounds include, but are not limited to, a carcinoma, for example a carcinoma of the bladder, breast, colon (e.g. colorectal carcinomas such as colon adenocarcinoma and colon adenoma), kidney, epidermal, liver, lung, for example adenocarcinoma, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung carcinomas, oesophagus, gall bladder, ovary, pancreas e.g. exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, stomach, cervix, thyroid, prostate, or skin, for example squamous cell carcinoma; a hematopoietic tumour of lymphoid lineage, for example leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma, or Burkett's lymphoma; a hematopoietic tumor of myeloid lineage, for example acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome, or promyelocytic leukemia; thyroid follicular cancer; a tumour of mesenchymal origin, for example fibrosarcoma or habdomyosarcoma; a tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system, for example astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, glioma or schwannoma; melanoma; seminoma; teratocarcinoma; osteosarcoma; xenoderoma pigmentoum; keratoctanthoma; thyroid follicular cancer; or Kaposi's sarcoma.

The present inventors have mow observed that compounds of the present invention, such as JH164 identified herein, are particularly effective in inhibiting SirT1 activity. Thus, compounds of the invention, such as JH164, may be of use in treating diseases/conditions associated with SirT1 expression/function.

SirT1 or related proteins have been identified as being a target in a great many diseases/conditions, including cancer, inflammation, immune response, obesity, ageing, diabetes, muscle differentiation, heart failure, neurodegeneration, HIV infection and malaria (see for example, Bordone L, Guarente L. Cancer Res. 2006 Apr. 15; 66(8):4368-77; Heltweg et al Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005 February; 26(2):94-103; Pagans et al; PLoS Biology 2005 Vol. 3, No. 2, e41; Deitsch K W, Cell. 2005 Apr. 8; 121(1):1-2; Freitas-Junior L H et al, Cell. 2005 Apr. 8; 121(1):25-36, Nayagam V M, J Biomol Screen. 2006 Nov. 12 and so the compounds of the present invention may find utility in treating/preventing any of the aforementioned diseases/conditions.

Examples of other therapeutic agents that may be administered together (whether concurrently or at different time intervals) with the compounds of the formula (I) include but are not limited to topoisomerase inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, DNA binders and microtubule inhibitors (tubulin target agents), such as cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, irinotecan, fludarabine, 5FU, taxanes, mitomycin C or radiotherapy. For the case of active compounds combined with other therapies the two or more treatments may be given in individually varying dose schedules and via different routes.

The combination of the agents listed above with a compound of the present invention would be at the discretion of the physician who would select dosages using his common general knowledge and dosing regimens known to a skilled practitioner.

Where the compound of the formula (I) is administered in combination therapy with one, two, three, four or more, preferably one or two, preferably one other therapeutic agents, the compounds can be administered simultaneously or sequentially. When administered sequentially, they can be administered at closely spaced intervals (for example over a period of 5-10 minutes) or at longer intervals (for example 1, 2, 3, 4 or more hours apart, or even longer period apart where required), the precise dosage regimen being commensurate with the properties of the therapeutic agent(s).

The compounds of the invention may also be administered in conjunction with non-chemotherapeutic treatments such as radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, gene therapy; surgery and controlled diets.

The patient is typically an animal, e.g a mammal, especially a human.

For use according to the present invention, the compounds or physiologically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or other physiologically functional derivative thereof described herein may be presented as a pharmaceutical formulation, comprising the compound or physiologically acceptable salt, ester or other physiologically functional derivative thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers therefore and optionally other therapeutic and/or prophylactic ingredients. The carrier(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

Pharmaceutical formulations include those suitable for oral, topical (including dermal, buccal and sublingual), rectal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular and intravenous), nasal and pulmonary administration e.g., by inhalation. The formulation may, where appropriate, be conveniently presented in discrete dosage units and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing into association an active compound with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.

Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for oral administration wherein the carrier is a solid are most preferably presented as unit dose formulations such as boluses, capsules or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of active compound. A tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine an active compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, lubricating agent, surface-active agent or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding an active compound with an inert liquid diluent. Tablets may be optionally coated and, if uncoated, may optionally be scored. Capsules may be prepared by filling an active compound, either alone or in admixture with one or more accessory ingredients, into the capsule shells and then sealing them in the usual manner. Cachets are analogous to capsules wherein an active compound together with any accessory ingredient(s) is sealed in a rice paper envelope. An active compound may also be formulated as dispersable granules, which may for example be suspended in water before administration, or sprinkled on food. The granules may be packaged, e.g., in a sachet. Formulations suitable for oral administration wherein the carrier is a liquid may be presented as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion.

Formulations for oral administration include controlled release dosage forms, e.g., tablets wherein an active compound is formulated in an appropriate release-controlling matrix, or is coated with a suitable release-controlling film. Such formulations may be particularly convenient for prophylactic use.

Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid are most preferably presented as unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art. The suppositories may be conveniently, formed by admixture of an active compound with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in moulds.

Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for parenteral administration include sterile solutions or suspensions of an active compound in aqueous or oleaginous vehicles.

Injectable preparations may be adapted for bolus injection or continuous infusion. Such preparations are conveniently presented in unit dose or multi-dose containers which are sealed after introduction of the formulation until required for use. Alternatively, an active compound may be in powder form which is constituted with a suitable vehicle, such as sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.

An active compound may also be formulated as long-acting depot preparations, which may be administered by intramuscular injection or by implantation, e.g., subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Depot preparations may include, for example, suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials, or ion-exchange resins. Such long-acting formulations are particularly convenient for prophylactic use.

Formulations suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity are presented such that particles containing an active compound and desirably having a diameter in the range of 0.5 to 7 microns are delivered in the bronchial tree of the recipient.

As one possibility such formulations are in the form of finely comminuted powders which may conveniently be presented either in a pierceable capsule, suitably of, for example, gelatin, for use in an inhalation device, or alternatively as a self-propelling formulation comprising an active compound, a suitable liquid or gaseous propellant and optionally other ingredients such as a surfactant and/or a solid diluent. Suitable liquid propellants include propane and the chlorofluorocarbons, and suitable gaseous propellants include carbon dioxide. Self-propelling formulations may also be employed wherein an active compound is dispensed in the form of droplets of solution or suspension.

Such self-propelling formulations are analogous to those known in the art and may be prepared by established procedures. Suitably they are presented in a container provided with either a manually-operable or automatically functioning valve having the desired spray characteristics; advantageously the valve is of a metered type delivering a fixed volume, for example, 25 to 100 microlitres, upon each operation thereof.

As a further possibility an active compound may be in the form of a solution or suspension for use in an atomizer or nebuliser whereby an accelerated airstream or ultrasonic agitation is employed to produce a fine droplet mist for inhalation.

Formulations suitable for nasal administration include preparations generally similar to those described above for pulmonary administration. When dispensed such formulations should desirably have a particle diameter in the range 10 to 200 microns to enable retention in the nasal cavity; this may be achieved by, as appropriate, use of a powder of a suitable particle size or choice of an appropriate valve. Other suitable formulations include coarse powders having a particle diameter in the range 20 to 500 microns, for administration by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container held close up to the nose, and nasal drops comprising 0.2 to 5% w/v of an active compound in aqueous or oily solution or suspension.

It should be understood that in addition to the aforementioned carrier ingredients the pharmaceutical formulations described above may include, an appropriate one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavouring agents, binders, surface active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like, and substances included for the purpose of rendering the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, 0.1 M and preferably 0.05 M phosphate buffer or 0.8% saline. Additionally, such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or fixed oils. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, chelating agents, inert gases and the like.

Formulations suitable for topical formulation may be provided for example as gels, creams or ointments. Such preparations may be applied e.g. to a wound or ulcer either directly spread upon the surface of the wound or ulcer or carried on a suitable support such as a bandage, gauze, mesh or the like which may be applied to and over the area to be treated.

Liquid or powder formulations may also be provided which can be sprayed or sprinkled directly onto the site to be treated, e.g. a wound or ulcer. Alternatively, a carrier such as a bandage, gauze, mesh or the like can be sprayed or sprinkle with the formulation and then applied to the site to be treated.

Therapeutic formulations for veterinary use may conveniently be in either powder or liquid concentrate form. In accordance with standard veterinary formulation practice, conventional water soluble excipients, such as lactose or sucrose, may be incorporated in the powders to improve their physical properties. Thus particularly suitable powders of this invention comprise 50 to 100% w/w and preferably 60 to 80% w/w of the active ingredient(s) and 0 to 50% w/w and preferably 20 to 40% w/w of conventional veterinary excipients. These powders may either be added to animal feedstuffs, for example by way of an intermediate premix, or diluted in animal drinking water.

Liquid concentrates of this invention suitably contain the compound or a derivative or salt thereof and may optionally include a veterinarily acceptable water-miscible solvent, for example polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, glycerol formal or such a solvent mixed with up to 30% v/v of ethanol. The liquid concentrates may be administered to the drinking water of animals.

The present invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will now be described with reference to the following drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a chart showing the amount of fold induction of p53-dependent transcription in T22 RGC-ΔFos-lacZ cells treated with varying amounts of the compound JJ91;

FIG. 2 shows Western Blot images;

FIG. 3 is FACS analysis graph;

FIGS. 4A and 4B show Western blot images;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of compound administration to mice;

FIG. 6 is a chart showing the effects of varying concentrations of JJ91 on the survival of BL2 Burkitt lymphoma cells;

FIG. 7 is a chart showing the effects of JJ91 on BL2 Burkitt lymphoma xenograft tumours in SCID mice; and

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Compound Synthesis

Compounds described herein were provided according to the following methods, with reference to Schemes 1 and 2.

Referring to Scheme 1, the N-benzoylthioureas described in the present invention were synthesised by providing various benzoyl chlorides which were treated with sodium thiocyanate in acetone solvent to provide benzoyl isothiocyanates, which were then reacted in situ with anilines to provide the desired compounds.

Further functionalisation was achieved by acylation or alkylation.

As an example, the synthesis of a compound (JH129) was achieved as follows:

To a stirred solution of 4-tert-butylbenzoyl chloride (10 mmol, 1.97 g) in acetone (20 mL) under argon atmosphere was added sodium thiocyanate (10 mol, 0.81 g). After 2 h this mixture was added dropwise to a solution of 1,4-phenylenediamine (20 mmol, 2.16 g) in acetone (50 mL) under argon that was cooled to 0° C. After warming to ambient temperature the reaction mixture was stirred for 36 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to a residue that was taken up into dichloromethane, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed on a silica gel column, eluting with ethyl acetate-petroleum ether mixture. Trituration of the resultant solid with diethyl ether provided analytically pure material, 2.45 g (75%). Analysis provided the following data: mpt 189-191° C.; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.36 (s, 9H), 6.81 (m, 2H), 7.47 (m, 2H), 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.81 (m, 2H), 9.05 (s, 1H), 12.41 (s, 1H); MS (ES+) m/z 350 [M+Na]⁺; calc'd for C₁₈H₂₁N₃ONaS 350.1300. found 350.1303.

As a further example, the compound JH129 was further functionalised by acylation as follows:

To a stirred solution of JH129 (0.2 mmol, 65 mg) in dichloromethane (1 mL) under argon atmosphere was added a solution of 5-bromopropanoyl chloride (0.2 mmol in 0.2 mL dichloromethane). To the resultant suspension was added triethylamine (0.2 mmol, 27 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 90 min before diluting with dichloromethane (5 mL) and washing with 1 M HCl, 2 M NaOH and saturated NaCl solutions. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to an off-white solid. Recrystallisation from ethyl acetate provided analytically pure material, 64 mg (65%). Analysis provided the following data: mpt 152-153° C.; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.36 (s, 9H), 1.92 (m, 4H), 2.42 (t, 2H), 3.46 (t, 2H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.57 (m, 4H), 7.68 (m, 2H), 7.82 (m, 2H), 9.04 (s, 1H), 12.60 (s, 1H); MS (ES+) m/z 512, 514 [M+Na]⁺; calc'd for C₂₃H₂₈ ⁷⁹BrN₃O₂NaS 512.0983. found 512.0995.

As a further example, the compound JH164HCl is an example compound wherein the R¹ group in formula (I) may be considered to be a linker group to link the active compound to a water soluble group; the synthesis of JH164 and formation of the hydrochloride salt thereof was achieved as follows:

To a solution of JH140 (0.1 mmol, 50 mg) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added an aqueous solution of dimethylamine (2 mL of 40 wt %). The biphasic mixture was stirred for 20 h. The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in acetone and this solution was exposed to HCl vapour. The resultant HCl salt was isolated by filtration as a fine white solid, 33 mg (67%). Analysis provided the following data: mpt 205-206° C.; ¹H-NMR (D₆-DMSO) δ 1.32 (s, 9H), 1.64 (brs, 4H), 2.39 (t, 2H), 2.75 (s, 6H), 3.06 (t, 2H), 7.60 (m, 6H), 7.94 (m, 2H), 9.64 (brs, <1H), 10.11 (s, 1H), 11.45 (s, 1H), 12.60 (s, 1H); MS (ES+) m/z 455 [M−Cl]⁺; calc'd for C₂₅H₃₅N₄O₂S 455.2481. found 455.2477; anal. calc'd for C₂₅H₃₅ClN₄O₂S: C, 61.14; H, 7.18; N, 11.41%. Found: C, 60.75; H, 7.46; N, 11.30%.

Biological Assessment

In Vitro Experiments:

Materials and Methods:

A 30,000 compound library (DIVERSet™) obtained from Chembridge Chemicals (ChemBridge Corporation 16981 Via Tazon, Suite G San Diego, Calif. 92127) was screened for activators of p53 tumour suppressor function.

The primary and secondary screens were performed using the following cell-based assays.

1. Primary Screen

T22 RGC-ΔFos-lacZ cells expressing beta-galactosidase under the control of a p53-dependent promoter were used and are described by Lu X, Burbidge S A, Griffin S, and Smith H M in Oncogene. 1996 Jul. 18; 13(2):413-8.

-   -   Seed low passage T22 cells at 1×10⁴ cells per well in a 96-well         tissue culture plate with 90 μl selection free DMEM, 10% FCS and         1 mg/ml gentamycin     -   The compounds are added 48 hours after cell seeding. DMSO should         not exceed 1:100 final concentration in medium. Use an untreated         control and a positive control treated with 5 ng/ml         actinomycin D. Total volume=100 μl     -   Remove medium from 96 well plate after 18 h and add 50 μl 1×         lysis buffer (Promega) per well     -   Shake for 1 hour at room temperature (can freeze plate at         −80° C. until ready to use)     -   Add 150 μl CPRG reaction mix per well,         -   Preparation of 15 ml CPRG reaction mix:         -   15 ml 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH7.5         -   300 μl CPRG 4 mg/ml (Boehringer-Mannheim) 80 μl (0.1 M             MgCl₂/0.1 M β-mercaptoethanol)     -   Incubate 4 hours at 37° C. in a damp chamber. If colour changes         from yellow to pink, this indicates p53 activity     -   Transfer 100 μl from each well to a new 96 well plate. This         prevents cell debris from interfering with absorbance reading.         Measure absorbance at 570 nM using plate reader     -   Leave lysate overnight at 4° C., then measure the absorbance         again         2. FACS Analysis

Neuroblastoma cell lines SKNSH-CMVNeo (with functional p53) and SKNSH-DDp53 (inactivated p53) were used and are described by Smart P, Lane E B, Lane D P, Midgley C, Vojtesek B, Lain S. in Oncogene. 1999 Dec. 2; 18(51):7378-86.

Day 1

-   -   Seed 50,000 cells per well of a 6 well plate in DMEM-10% FCS         Day 2     -   Add drugs to cells         Day 4     -   Add bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to 30 μM and incubate cells for 20         minutes.     -   Remove media from cells and transfer to a 13 ml Falcon tube.         Rinse cells with PBS and transfer this also. Trypsinise cells         and transfer to tube then finally rinse with PBS again. Once all         transferred to tube, pellet cells at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes.     -   Resuspend cells in 1 ml of PBS and add drop wise to 3 ml of         ethanol while vortexing. Incubate for a minimum of 1-2 hours at         4° C. (no maximum).         Day 5     -   Pellet by centrifugation at 2,500 rpm for 5 minutes then pour         off supernatant.     -   Prepare 2 ml fresh pepsin solution per tube at 1 mg/ml in 30 mM         HCl (pH 1.5) and prewarm to 37° C.     -   Add 2 ml prewarmed pepsin solution to each tube and mix for 30         mins at 37° C.     -   Pellet by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 5 minutes then pour off         supernatant (pellets will be clear)     -   Add 1 ml 2M HCl for 15-20 mins at room temperature (stock bottle         is 11.6 M).     -   Timing is critical—incubating for long periods results in broad         DNA peaks.     -   Top up with PBS then pellet as before.     -   Wash again with PBS then once in antibody buffer, pelleting         cells each time.     -   Antibody buffer: PBS, 0.5% BSA, 0.5% Tween-20     -   Resuspend pellet into 200 μl of Becton Dickinson anti-BrdU         antibody diluted 1:50 in antibody buffer. Incubate for 1 h at         room temperature.     -   Wash in PBS and pellet cells.     -   Resuspend pellet in 200 μl Sigma FITC antibody (#3008) diluted         1:64 in antibody buffer. Incubate for 30 min at room temperature         in the dark to prevent the antibody fading.     -   Wash in PBS and pellet cells.     -   Resuspend final pellet in 500 μl PBS containing 25 μg/ml         propidium iodide counter stain. Keep on ice in the dark until         analysed on the FACScan.     -   Measure DNA content (propidium iodide fluorescence) and DNA         synthesis (BrdU incorporation) by FACScan.         3. Western Blotting     -   Seed 2×10⁵ MCF-7 cells per well of a six well plate     -   After 24-36 hours incubation add drug to cells and incubate for         the time required.     -   Pour medium off plates and wash in PBS. Aspirate off the last of         the PBS and add 100 μl 1×LDS loading buffer (Invitrogen)         directly to the plates. Scrape the surface of the plate into one         corner and pipette cells/LDS into a tube     -   Heat samples to 90° C. for 5 min then sonicate twice for 15         seconds each. Centrifuge at top speed for 5 min then keep on ice         until required.     -   Measure protein concentration of all samples (Pierce BCA kit)         and equalize their levels. Add 1:10 DTT to each sample.     -   Samples are loaded on 4-12% Novex gels, these are run in MOPS         buffer×1 and transferred to PVDF membranes according to         manufacturers instructions (Invitrogen).     -   Membranes are blocked, incubated in primary and then secondary         antibodies using standard procedures. Amersham ECL was used for         detection.     -   Relevant primary antibodies include anti-p53 DO1 mouse         monoclonal antibody, anti p53 phosphoserine-15 (Santa Cruz),         anti p21 118 mouse monoclonal antibody. Actin detection is used         as a loading control.         General Protocol for Solubility Analysis

Relative solubilities of compounds were determined using a UV spectroscopy based method. Generation of the extinction coefficient for each compound was achieved by dissolving 1 mg of compound in spectroscopic grade acetonitrile (100 mL) (some compounds required dissolving in a minimal amount of DMSO first). A series of 6×2 fold dilutions were then made, giving a total of 7 solutions. These solutions were analysed by UV spectroscopy and their absorbance at an appropriate wavelength was plotted against molar concentration. The extinction coefficient was calculated from the gradient of the line of best fit. The extinction coefficient was then used to calculate the actual concentration of a 40 mM DMSO stock and a 100 μM aqueous solution of compound.

The actual concentrations of the 40 mM DMSO stock and 100 μM solutions were calculated as follows: 1 mg of compound was dissolved in the required amount of DMSO to give the 40 mM stock. Any undissolved compound was then pelleted by centrifugation. The supernatant (2 μL) was diluted to 4 mL with acetonitrile to generate a theoretical 2×10⁻⁵ M solution. The solution was then analysed by UV spectroscopy.

The actual concentration of the 100 μM aqueous solution was determined by diluting an aliquot (4.2 μL) of the 40 mM DMSO solution to 1 mL with water. An aliquot (60 μL) of this solution was added to water (40 μL) and any undissolved compound was pelleted by centrifugation. The supernatant (80 μL) was diluted to 4 mL with acetonitrile to generate a theoretical 2×10⁻⁶ M solution. This solution was then analysed by UV spectroscopy.

The experimentally determined solubility in water was then compared to the theoretical value (as a percentage) and a value representing solubility relative to tenovin 1 was generated.

In Vitro Deacetylation Assays

Enzymatic SirT1 assays were carried out using purified components in the Fluor de Lys Fluorescent Assay Systems (Biomol kit AK555) and following the manufacturers instructions. FdL substrate was used at 7*M and NAD+ at 1 mM. Compounds were solubilised in DMSO with the final DSMO concentration in the reaction being less than 0.25%. 1 unit of enzyme was used per reaction. Reactions were carried out at 37° C. for 1 hour.

Results

The results shown in FIG. 1 indicate that JJ91 activates p53's transcription factor function. T22 RGC-ΔFos-lacZ cells were treated with the indicated amounts of JJ91 for 16 hours. Fold induction of p53-dependent transcription was measured.

The results shown in FIG. 2 indicate that JJ91 selectively kills neuroblastoma cells with active p53. SKNSH-CMVNeo and SKNSH-DDp53 cells were left untreated or treated with 10 μM JJ91 for 48 hours. Cells were analysed by FACS analysis. JJ91 clearly decreases DNA synthesis and cases cell death (increase in the number of sub-G1/G0 cells). These effects are not observed in SKNSH cells with inactive p53.

The results shown in FIG. 3 indicate that JJ91 increases p53 levels. MCF-7 cells were treated for the indicated times with the DNA damaging agent mitomycin C (10 μM), the non-genotoxic agent nutlin-3 (6 μM) or JJ91 (10 μM). JJ91 has effects similar to those of nutlin-3. P53 levels are rapidly increased. Levels of p53 phosphoserine-15 are not as high as those observed with the genotoxic gent mitomycin C. Levels of the p53 downstream target p21 are increased Actin was analysed as a loading control.

The results shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B indicate the effects of JJ91 analogues on p53 levels.

FIG. 4A: MCF-7 cells were treated for 4 hours (lanes 2 through 9) or 6 hours (lanes 11 through 15) with 10 μM mitomycin C (lane 2), JJ91 (lanes 3 and 11), JH118 (lane 4), JH129 (lane 5), JH132 (lane 6), JH140 (lanes 7 and 12), JH141 (lane 8) and 4-aminoacetanilide (lane 9), JH151 (lane 13), JH156 (lane 14) and 5406085 (lane 15). In lanes 2 and 10, cells were left untreated. Cell extracts were analysed by western blotting with antibodies against p53, phosphoserine-15 p53, p21 and actin.

FIG. 4B: MCF-7 cells were treated for 4 hours (lanes 2 through 6) 6 μM nutlin-3 (lane 2), 10 μM JJ91 (lane 3), 10 μM 7322366 (lane 4), 40 nM leptomycin B (lane 5) and 20 μM MG132 JH129. Cell extracts were analysed by western blotting with antibodies against p53, actin, p21, noxa and mdm2.

Table 1 shows the structure of active compounds, and the level of activity with respect to p53-dependent transcription in T22 RGC-ΔFos-lacZ cells by the indicated compounds, taking compound JJ91 activity as 100%.

TABLE 1 Bioactivity (relative ID Structure to JJ91) JJ91

Active  (100%) 7322366 ‘JH155’

Active (81.2%) JH129

Active (<) JH140

Active (87.5%) JH151

Active (106.1%)  JH156

Active (75.4%) JH156HCl

Active (59.6%) JH164HCl

Active (63.8%) In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments:

Referring to FIG. 5, JJ91 was administered to mice at a dose of 5 mg/kg. ▪ and □ correspond to i.p. and p.o. routes of administration respectively (inset shows a logarithmic plot of the data). Blood levels were determined at the times shown by LC-MS/MS above and the values shown are the means±SD for three determinations. The results indicate that intraperitoneal injection of the compounds shows that they reach micromolar concentrations in blood, do not cause significant weight or behavioural changes and have a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours.

Referring to FIG. 6, BL2 Burkitt lymphoma cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of JJ91, ranging from 1 μM to 10 μM (dissolved in 70% cyclodextrin), for 2 hours. At this time, the number of live cells were counted. After this short exposure, cells were washed to remove the compound. This treatment was repeated daily for six days. Experiments were performed in triplicate and standard deviations indicated. BL2 cell survival was largely reduced after these six short exposures to the compounds as shown in FIG. 6.

Referring to FIG. 7, BL2 Burkitt lymphoma xenograft tumours in SCID mice were established for 7 days until tumours were palpable. At this point, vehicle (70% cyclodextrin) (top panel) or JJ91 (92 mg/kg) (bottom panel) was administered daily by intraperitoneal injection. Tumour sizes were measured on the day of injection (day 1) and on days 4, 8 and 11 post-injection. As shown, JJ91 reduces growth of BL2 xenograft tumours in SCID mice.

SirT1 activity was evaluated using the Fluor de Lys SirT1 Fluorescent Activity Assay from Biomol (catalog no. AK-555) as specified by the manufacturer. Reactions contained 1 millimolar NAD+, 7 micromolar Fluor de Lys Substrate and increasing amounts of JH164. Deacetylation and developer reactions were carried out for 1 hour at 37° C. IC50 for JH164 is 23.5 micromolar.

The above embodiments are representative of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

Further compounds have been synthesized based on the initial compound JJ91—also referred to hereinafter as Tenovin 1.

The additional compounds we have prepared fall into four categories:

Category 1. The Water Soluble Analogues

a) Tenovin 6 (JH164)—which is Prepared Via an Intermediate JH140

JH140 is of potential interest because it has been shown to irreversibly activate p53 unlike all the other compounds we have prepared which reversibly activate p53—it synthesis is described below within the procedures for tenovin 6.

Compound 1 Above

Compounds 5-8 Above

The experimental for the synthesis of these compounds shown in scheme 1 below:

b Scheme 1: a Synthesis of Tenovin 6 and Analogues 1, 5-7. Reagents and Conditions:

(i) SOCl₂, CH₂Cl₂, rt, 16 h (96%). (ii) NaSCN, acetone, rt, 8 h, then 1,4-phenylenediamine, 16 h (58%). (iii) Acid chloride, NEt₃, DCM, rt. (iv) 40% aq. HNMe₂, DCM/H₂O, rt, 24 h. (v) 2M HCl in diethyl ether.

Synthesis of Tenovin 1 (JJ91) N-{4-[3-(4-tert-Butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-acetamide

To a solution of 3 (prepared from 2 according to J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 898) (6.53 g, 33 mmol, 1 equiv.) in acetone (50 mL) was added sodium thiocyanate (2.69 g, 33 mmol, 1 equiv.). The cream suspension was stirred at rt for 16 h, then added to a solution of p-aminoacetanilide (4.95 g, 33 mmol, 1 equiv.) in acetone (50 mL). The yellow suspension was stirred at rt for 16 h and the solvent concentrated in vacuo to give a pale orange residue which was resuspended in CH₂Cl₂ and the undissolved solids filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a pale orange solid which was purified by recrystallisation from ethyl acetate to give Tenovin 1 (7.49 g, 61%) as a pale yellow solid.

¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 1.36 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 2.09 (s, 3H, CH₃), 7.63 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.71 (s, 6H, ArH), 8.03 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 9.26 (s(br), 1H, NH), 10.12 (s(br), 1H, NH), 12.80 (s(br), 1H, NH).

¹³C NMR (acetone-d₆, 100 MHz) δ 23.36, 29.70, 30.40, 34.83, 118.95, 124.14, 125.71, 128.15, 129.36, 133.31, 137.82, 157.00, 167.97, 178.73.

Synthesis of intermediate compound 1-(4-Amino-phenyl)-3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thiourea (4)

To a solution of 3 (prepared from 2 according to J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 898) (4 g, 20.4 mmol, 1 equiv.) in acetone (30 mL) was added sodium thiocyanate (1.68 g, 20.8 mmol, 1.02 equiv.). The resulting pale yellow suspension was stirred at rt for 8 h, then added to a solution of 1,4-phenylenediamine (4.41 g, 40.8 mmol, 2 equiv.) in acetone (30 mL) at 0° C. The brown suspension was warmed to rt and stirred for 16 h. The solvent was concentrated in vacuo and the remaining residue resuspended in CH₂Cl₂ and the undissolved solids filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a brown solid which was purified by column chromatography on silica (50% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) and subsequent recrystallisation from ethyl acetate to give 4 (4.42 g, 58%) as a pale yellow solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.36 (s, 9H, CH₃)₃, 3.75 (s(br), 2H, NH₂), 6.71 (d, 2H, J=11.8 Hz, ArH), 7.49 (dd, 2H, J=8.6, 33.4 Hz, ArH), 7.81 (d, 2H, J=10.8 Hz, ArH), 7.68 (dd, 4H, J=8.6, 81.3 Hz, ArH), 9.02 (s(br), 1H, NH), 12.37 s(br), 1H, NH).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 31.1, 35.0, 115.1, 125.8, 126.2, 127.4, 128.7, 128.8, 145.4, 157.7, 166.8, 178.5.

Synthesis of Tenovin 6 (JH164) 5-Dimethylamino-pentanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide hydrochloride via intermediate JH140

Thiourea 4 (6 g, 18.3 mmol, 1 equiv.) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (110 mL) under N₂ atmosphere. 5-Bromovaleryl chloride (3.65 g, 18.3 mmol, 1 equiv.) was added, followed by triethylamine (2.51 mL, 18.3 mmol, 1 equiv.). The beige suspension was stirred at rt for 4 h and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The organic solution was washed with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (1×50 mL), 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (1×50 mL), and saturated brine (1×50 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting brown foam was purified by flash chromatography on silica (50% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to give 5-bromo-pentanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide (intermediate JH140) (6.76 g, 77%) as a yellow powder.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.36 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.93 (m, 4H, (CH₂)₂), 2.42 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz, COCH₂), 1H-NMR (300 MHz) ppm 3.45 (t, 1H, J=6.3 Hz, CH₂Br), 7.22 (s(br), 1H, NH), 7.57 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.68 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz), 7.82 (m, 2H, ArH), 9.05 (s(br), 1H, NH), 12.60 (s(br), 1H, NH). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 24.6, 27.7, 31.1, 32.5, 33.6, 37.4, 119.9, 124.9, 126.3, 127.4, 128.6, 133.6, 157.9, 166.9, 170.9, 178.4.

Treatment of the above bromo compound (intermediate JH140) (2.36 g, 4.80 mmol) with dimethylamine (30 mL) in H₂O (75 mL) gave a crude mixture containing 5-dimethylamino-pentanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide. This mixture was dissolved in a minimal amount of acetone and 2 M hydrochloric acid in ether solution was added dropwise until a yellow precipitate appeared. The solid was filtered to give a crude mixture which was purified by recrystallisation from ethanol to give Tenovin 6 (1.4 g, 59%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.66 (m, 4H, (CH₂)₂), 2.40 (t, 2H, J=6.1 Hz, COCH₂), 2.75 (s, 6H, N(CH₃)₂), 3.06 (m, 2H, CH₂NH(CH₃)₂), 7.59 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.95 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 9.77 (s(br), 1H, NH(CH₃)₂), 10.13 (s(br), 1H, NH), 11.43 (s(br), 1H, NH), 12.61 (s(br), 1H, NH). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 75 MHz) δ 22.4, 23.8, 31.3, 35.3, 35.9, 42.5, 56.7, 119.5, 125.3, 125.8, 129.1, 129.7, 133.3, 137.9, 156.8, 168.5, 171.2, 179.4.

HRMS Found 455.2477 (Calcd. For C₁₇H₃₉N₆O₄S₂ 455.2474).

Synthesis of compound 1-5-Morpholin-4-yl-pentanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide hydrochloride (1)

To a solution of 5-bromo-pentanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide (intermediate JH140, prepared as described for tenovin 6) (80 mg, 0.16 mmol) in acetonitrile (4 mL) was added morpholine (0.4 mL) and potassium iodide (cat. amount). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 40 min, cooled to rt and concentrated in vacuo. The remaining residue was partitioned between 75% saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give a crude beige solid. Purification by recrystallisation from EtOAc gave 5-morpholin-4-yl-pentanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide which was converted to the hydrochloride salt by vapour diffusion. A solution of the dimethylamine in 25% CDCl₃/diethyl ether was exposed to hydrogen chloride to give 1 as a white precipitate which was collected by filtration.

HRMS Found 497.2585. (Calcd. For C₂₇H₃₇N₄O₃S. 497.2586).

Synthesis of compound 5-N-{4-[3-(4-tert-Butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-4-dimethylamino-butyramide hydrochloride (5)

Thiourea 4 (200 mg, 0.61 mmol, 1 equiv.) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) under N₂ atmosphere. 4-Bromobutyryl chloride (169 mg, 0.92 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) was added, followed by triethylamine (85 μL, 0.61 mmol, 1 equiv.). The orange solution was stirred at rt for 1.5 h and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The organic solution was washed with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (1×10 mL), 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (1×50 mL), and saturated brine (1×10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting pale yellow foam was purified by flash chromatography on silica (50% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to give 4-bromo-N-{4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-butyramide (138 mg, 48%) as a yellow oil.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.35 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 2.26 (m, 2H, CH₂CH₂Br), 2.57 (t, 2H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₂), 3.52 (t, 3H, J=6.2 Hz, CH₂), 7.60 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.82 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 9.08 (s(br), 1H, NH), 12.59 (s(br), 1H, NH). Treatment of the above bromo compound (138 mg, 0.29 mmol) with dimethylamine (3 mL) in H₂O (7.5 mL) gave a crude mixture containing N-{4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-4-dimethylamino-butyramide. This mixture was dissolved in a minimal amount of acetone and 2 M hydrochloric acid in ether solution was added dropwise until a precipitate appeared. The solid was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The resulting yellow oil was triturated with hexane to give a yellow solid which was recrystallised from isopropanol to give 5 (75 mg, 55%) as a viscous yellow solid.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 1.32 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.95 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.44 (t, 2H, J=7.3 Hz, CH₂), 2.79 (d, 6H, J=4.8 Hz, N(CH₃)₂), 3.09 (m, 2H, CH₂), 7.62 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.95 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 9.64 (s(br), 1H, NH(CH₃)₂), 10.17 (s(br), 1H, NH), 11.44 (s(br), 1H, NH), 12.61 (s (br), 1H, NH).

Synthesis of compound 6-6-Dimethylamino-hexanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide hydrochloride (6)

Thiourea 4 (200 mg, 0.61 mmol, 1 equiv.) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) under N₂ atmosphere. 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride (195.8 mg, 0.92 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) was added, followed by triethylamine (85 μL, 0.61 mmol, 1 equiv.). The beige suspension was stirred at rt for 1.5 h and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The organic solution was washed with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (1×10 mL), 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (1×50 mL), and saturated brine (1×10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting brown foam was purified by flash chromatography on silica (50% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to give 6-bromo-hexanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide (166 mg, 55%) as a yellow oil.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.35 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.51 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.73 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.89 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.36 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz, COCH₂), 3.40 (t, 2H, J=6.7 Hz, CH₂Br), 7.57 (m, 7H, ArH, NH), 9.10 (s(br), 1H, NH), 12.58 (s(br), 1H, NH). Treatment of the above bromo compound (136 mg, 0.27 mmol) with dimethylamine (2.5 mL) in H₂O (6.25 mL) gave a crude mixture containing 6-dimethylamino-hexanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide. This mixture was dissolved in a minimal amount of CH₂Cl₂ and a 2 M hydrochloric acid in ether solution was added dropwise until a cream precipitate appeared. The solid was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The resulting yellow oil was triturated with hexane to give a yellow solid which was recrystallised from isopropanol to give 6 (80 mg, 59%) as a viscous yellow solid.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 1.32 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.64 (m, 4H, (CH₂)₂), 2.35 (t, 2H, J=7.1 Hz, CH₂), 2.73 (d, 6H, J=4.8 Hz, N(CH₃)₂), 3.01 (m, 2H, CH₂), 7.59 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.94 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 9.83 (s(br), 1H, NH(CH₃)₂), 10.08 (s, 1H, NH), 11.42 (s, 1H, NH), 12.59 (s, 1H, NH).

Synthesis of compound 7-8-Dimethylamino-octanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide hydrochloride (7)

8-Bromooctanoic acid (2 g, 8.90 mmol, 1 equiv) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) under N₂ atmosphere and thionyl chloride (784 μL, 10.68 mmol, 1.2 equiv) added followed by DMF (few drops). The solution was stirred for 16 h and concentrated in vacuo to give 8-bromooctanoyl chloride (2.04 g, 95%) as a yellow oil which was used without further purification. Thiourea 4 (600 mg, 1.84 mmol, 1 equiv.) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) under N₂ atmosphere. 8-Bromooctanoyl chloride (532 mg, 2.02 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) was added, followed by triethylamine (256 μL, 1.84 mmol, 1 equiv.). The beige suspension was stirred at rt for 16 h and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). The organic solution was washed with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (1×20 mL), 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (1×20 mL), and saturated brine (1×20 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting yellow foam was purified by flash chromatography on silica (50% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to give 8-bromo-octanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide (579 mg, 59%) as a yellow oil.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.36 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.44 (m, 6H, (CH₂)₃), 1.74 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.86 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.37 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz, COCH₂), 3.41 (t, 2H, J=6.8 Hz, CH₂Br), 7.18 (s, 1H, NH), 7.56 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.63 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz, ArH), 7.82 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 9.04 (s, 1H, NH), 12.59 (1H, NH). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz) δ 25.5, 28.0, 28.6, 29.1, 31.1, 32.7, 34.0, 37.6, 120.1, 124.8, 126.2, 127.5, 128.6, 133.4, 136.8, 157.8, 167.0, 171.6, 178.5. Treatment of the above bromo compound (487 mg, 0.92 mmol) with dimethylamine (10 mL) in H₂O (25 mL) gave a crude mixture containing 8-dimethylamino-octanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide. This mixture was dissolved in a minimal amount of CH₂Cl₂ and a 2 M hydrochloric acid in ether solution was added dropwise until a cream precipitate appeared. The solid was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The resulting yellow oil was triturated with hexane to give a yellow solid which was recrystallised from isopropanol to give 7 (301 mg, 62%) as a viscous yellow solid.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 1.32 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.32 (m, 6H, CH₂)₃), 1.62 (m, 4H, (CH₂)₂), 2.33 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.72 (s(br), 6H, N(CH₃)₂), 2.99 (m, 2H, CH₂), 7.62 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.97 (dd, 2H, J=8.5, 16.5 Hz, ArH), 9.95 (s, 1H, NH), 10.08 (s(br), 1H, NH), 11.44 (s, 1H, NH), 12.60 (s, 1H, NH).

Synthesis of compound 8-N-{4-[3-(4-tert-Butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-dimethylamino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetamide hydrochloride (8)

Synthesis of analogue 8. Reagents and conditions: (i) prepared via the literature reaction described in JOC 2004, 69, 639 (87%). (ii) CrO₃/H₂SO₄, acetone, 0° C. to rt, 16 h (65%). (iii) SOCl₂, CH₂Cl₂, rt, 16 h. (iv) 4, NEt₃, CH₂Cl₂, rt, 16 h, (46%). (v) LiBr, acetone, reflux, 24 h (81%). (vi) 40% aq. HNMe₂, CH₂Cl₂/H₂O, rt, 24 h (91%). (vii) 2M HCl in diethyl ether, CH₂Cl₂, (73%).

Benzenesulfonic acid 2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethyl ester (12)

Hexaethyleneglycol (11) (2.82 g, 10 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) under a N₂ atmosphere, and silver oxide (3.48 g, 15 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) added followed by tosyl chloride (2.10 g, 11 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) and potassium iodide (332 mg, 2 mmol, 0.2 mmol). The solution was stirred at rt for 1 h then concentrated and filtered through celite eluting with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a pale yellow oil which was purified by column chromatography on silica (ethyl acetate) to give 12 (3.79 g, 87%) as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 1.80 (s(br), 1H, OH), 2.44 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.64 (m, 22H, (CH₂)₁₁), 4.15 (m, 2H, CH₂), 7.33 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.79 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH).

[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-Benzenesulfonyloxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetic acid (13)

A 1.5.M aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (10 mL) was prepared at 0° C. and stirred while chromium trioxide was added to give an orange solution. The alcohol 12 (1 g, 2.29 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (15 mL) and the solution added dropwise to the sulfuric acid at 0° C. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred for 16 h. The resulting green solution was filtered through celite and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting aqueous residue was diluted with H₂O and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give 13 (672 mg, 65%) as a pale yellow oil which was not purified further.

¹H NMR (acetone-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 2.46 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.59 (m, 18H, (CH₂)₉), 4.13 (m, 4H, (CH₂)₂), 7.49 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.82 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 21.6, 68.5, 68.6, 68.8, 69.1, 69.3, 70.3, 70.4, 70.4, 70.5, 70.6, 70.6, 70.7, 70.8, 71.2, 71.3, 76.8, 77.1, 77.4, 127.9, 129.9, 132.9, 144.9, 172.7.

LRMS (M+Na) Found 473.16.

N-{4-[3-(4-tert-Butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-dimethylamino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetamide hydrochloride (8)

Acid 13 (117 mg, 0.26 mmol) was stirred in oxalyl chloride containing a catalytic amount of DMF. The solution was heated at reflux for 1 h then cooled to rt and the solvent concentrated in vacuo to give the corresponding acid chloride which was used without further purification. The acid chloride (138 mg, 0.29, 1.3 equiv.) was stirred in dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) under N₂ atmosphere and thiourea 4 (74 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1 equiv.) was added to give a bright yellow solution. Triethylamine (41 μL, 0.23 mmol, 1 equiv.) was added and the mixture stirred at rt for 16 h. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (1×10 mL) and washed with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (1×10 mL), 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide followed by saturated brine (1×10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and the solvent concentrated in vacuo. The resulting yellow foam was purified by flash chromatography on silica (50% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to give toluene-4-sulfonic acid 2-[2-(2-{2-[2-({4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenylcarbamoyl}-methoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethyl ester (79 mg, 46%) as a yellow oil.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.34 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 2.41 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.63 (m, 18H, (CH₂)₉), 4.10 (m, 4H, (CH₂)₂), 7.31 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.53 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.67 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.79 (m, m, 4H, ArH), 8.99 (s, 1H, NH), 9.15 (s, 1H, NH), 12.61 (s, 1H, NH).

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 21.7, 31.1, 35.3, 68.7, 69.3, 70.1, 70.4, 70.5, 70.6, 70.7, 71.2, 120.2, 124.6, 126.1, 126.2, 127.5, 127.9, 128.6, 129.8, 133.7, 136.1, 144.8, 157.8, 166.89, 168.4, 178.3.

HRMS (M+Na) Found 782.2756. (Calcd. For C₃₇H₄₉N₃O₁₀NaS₂ 782.2757).

The tosylate described above (76 mg, 0.1 mmol, 1 equiv.) was stirred in acetone (3 mL) and lithium bromide (44 mg, 0.5 mmol, 5 equiv.) added. The mixture was heated at 50° C. for 24 h. The solvent was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue resuspended in ethyl acetate and the solid filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give 2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-bromo-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-N-{4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-acetamide (54 mg, 81%) as a pale yellow oil which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.36 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 3.45 (t, 2H, J=6.3 Hz, CH₂Br), 3.71 (m, 16H, (CH₂)₈), 4.18 (s, 2H, NHCOCH₂), 7.55 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.70 (q, 4H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 7.82 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 9.06 (s, 1H, NH), 9.16 (s(br), 1H, NH), 12.61 (s, 1H, NH).

This bromide (30 mg, 0.05 mmol) was subsequently converted to the dimethylamine derivative by stirring in 40% aqueous dimethylamine (0.75 mL), H₂O (1.8 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) at rt for 24 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and the organic phase washed with H₂O (1×10 mL), 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1×10 mL) and saturated brine (1×10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and the solvent concentrated in vacuo to give the dimethylamine. The pale yellow oil was taken up in a minimal amount of CH₂Cl₂ and a solution of 2 M hydrochloric acid in diethyl ether was added dropwise till a faint precipitate appeared. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give 8 (20 mg, 73%) as a yellow foam. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.32 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 2.77 (d(br), 6H, J=4.0 Hz, NH(CH₃)₂), 3.61 (m, 18H, (CH₂)₉), 4.10 (m, 4H, (CH₂)₂), 7.63 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.95 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 9.55 (s, 1H, NH), 9.77 (s, 1H, NH), 11.45 (s, 1H, NH), 12.62 (s, 1H, NH).

Category 2: the Oxo-Tenovin Analogue, Compound 24

24 was prepared according to the following scheme:

{4-[3-(4-tert-Butyl-benzoyl)-ureido]-phenyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (28)

Benzamide 26 (1 g, 5.64 mmol, 1 equiv.) was reacted with oxalyl chloride (834 μL, 9.59 mmol, 1.7 equiv.) as described above. The resulting isocyanate (27) was immediately stirred in dry acetonitrile with aniline 18 and heated at reflux for 3 h. The resulting beige suspension was cooled to rt and the precipitate collected by filtration to give 28 (400 mg, 17%) as a beige solid which was not purified further.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.47 (s, 9H, OC(CH₃)₃), 7.43 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.55 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.97 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 9.31 (s, 1H, NH), 10.77 (s, 1H, NH), 10.91 (s, 1H, NH).

5-Bromo-pentanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-ureido]-phenyl}-amide (29)

N-acyl urea 28 (300 mg, 0.73 mmol) was stirred in trifluoroacetic acid (1.2 mL) for 40 min and concentrated in vacuo to give 1-(4-amino-phenyl)-3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-urea (as the trifluoroacetate salt) (383 mg, quantitative) as a brown fluffy solid which was not purified further.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 7.32 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz, ArH), 7.55 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.70 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz, ArH), 7.98 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 10.96 (s, 1H, NH), 11.02 (s, 1H, NH).

The deprotected amine (368 mg, 0.70 mmol) was stirred in dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) under N₂ atmosphere and NEt₃ (98 μL, 0.70 mmol) was added to give a clear brown solution. 5-Bromovaleryl chloride (140 μL, 1.05 mmol, 1.5. equiv.) was added followed by triethylamine (98 μL, 0.70 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (1×20 mL) and washed with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (1×20 mL), 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1×20 mL) and saturated brine (1×20 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give a crude yellow chalky solid which was purified by column chromatography on silica (50% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to give 29 (153 mg, 48%) as a yellow solid.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.80 (m, 4H, (CH₂)₂), 2.33 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz, COCH₂), 3.57 (t, 2H, J=6.6 Hz, CH₂Br), 7.54 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.98 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 9.90 (s, 1H, NH), 10.82 (s, 1H, NH), 10.93 (s, 1H, NH).

5-Dimethylamino-pentanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-ureido]-phenyl}-amide hydrochloride (24)

Bromo-compound 29 (123 mg, 0.27 mmol) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), 40% aqueous HNMe₂ (3 mL) and H₂O (7.5 mL) at rt for 20 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and washed with H₂O (1×10 mL), 10% aqueous NaOH (1×10 mL), and saturated brine (1×10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give a cream solid which was dissolved in acetone and treated with 2 M hydrochloric acid in diethyl ether. A white precipitate was obtained and isolated by filtration to give 24 (44 mg, 36%) as a cream powder. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.64 (m, 4H, CH₂)₂), 2.36 (t, 2H, J=6.7 Hz, COCH₂), 2.75 (s, 6H, NH(CH₃)₂), 3.05 (m, 2H, CH₂Br), 7.53 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.98 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 9.63 (s(br), 1H, NH), 9.98 (s, 1H, NH), 10.82 (s, 1H, NH), 10.93 (s, 1H, NH).

Category 3: The Boc-Tenovin Analogue, Compound 21

This analogue is of importance as it showed very good activity in the p53 activation assay see hereinafter.

{4-[3-(4-tert-Butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (21)

To a stirred solution of 3 (869 μL, 4.79 mmol, 1 equiv.) in acetone (15 mL) under N₂ atmosphere was added sodium thiocyanate (389 mg, 4.79 mmol, 1 equiv.) and the reaction mixture stirred at rt for 4 h. Aniline 18 (1 g, 4.79 mmol, 1 equiv.) was added as a solution in acetone (10 mL). The resulting beige suspension was stirred at rt for 16 h and the solvent concentrated in vacuo. The remaining residue was resuspended in CH₂Cl₂ and the undissolved solid filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a crude cream solid which was purified by recrystallisation from 50% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether to give {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1.4 g, 66%) as a fine gold powder.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.36 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.63 (s, 9H, OC(CH₃)₃), 6.52 (s, 1H, NH), 7.42 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.55 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.64 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz, ArH), 8.82 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 9.03 (s, 1H, NH), 12.56 (s, 1H, NH).

Category 4: Affinity Matrix Based on the Tenovins

Preparation of an Affinity Matrix Based on the tenovins is included as reagents of this type are of importance in identifying potential protein targets of the tenovins and of potential relevance in assessing the selectivity of inhibitors within the sirtuin protein family and beyond (following analogous protocols to those reported by for example Meijer, Laurent; Skaltsounis, Alexios-Leandros; Magiatis, Prokopios; Polychronopoulos, Panagiotis; Knockaert, Marie; Leost, Maryse; Ryan, Xiaozhou P.; Vonica, Claudia Alin; Brivanlou, Ali; Dajani, Rana; Crovace, Claudia; Tarricone, Cataldo; Musacchio, Andrea; Roe, S. Mark; Pearl, Laurence; Greengard, Paul. GSK-3-Selective Inhibitors Derived from Tyrian Purple Indirubins. Chemistry & Biology (2003), 10(12), 1255-1266). The protocol used to prepare the affinity matrix are as follows:

Use of the affinity resin:

6-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-hexanoic acid (31)

6-Aminohexanoic acid (3.1 g, 23.63 mmol, 1 equiv.) was stirred in dioxane/H₂O (1:1, 75 mL) at 0° C. with sodium hydroxide (1.05 g, 23.63 mmol). To this solution was added Boc anhydride (5.2 g, 21.27 mmol, 0.9 equiv.) and the reaction left to warm to rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid to pH5. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 mL) and the combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give 31 as a colourless oil (4.5 g, 89%) which was used without further purification.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.42 (m, 4H, (CH₂)₂), 1.44 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.65 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.35 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz, CH₂), 3.10 (m, 2H, CH₂), 4.55 (s, (br), 1H, NH).

(5-{4-[3-(4-tert-Butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenylcarbamoyl}-pentyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (32)

Thiourea 4 (100 mg, 0.31 mmol, 1 equiv.) was stirred in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) under N₂ atmosphere and acid 31 (106 mg, 0.46 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) was added, followed by bromo-tris-pyrrolidino phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate (214 mg, 0.46 mmol, 1.5 equiv.), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (53 μL, 0.31 mmol, 1 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and washed with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (1×10 mL), 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1×10 mL), and saturated brine (1×10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give a crude yellow oil which was purified with column chromatography on silica (25-50% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to give 32 (86 mg, 54%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.36 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.40 (s, 9H, OC(CH₃)₃), 1.40 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.52 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.75 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.36 (t, 2H, J=7.5 Hz, CH₂), 3.12 (m, 2H, CH₂), 4.61 (s(br), 1H, NHBoc), 7.54 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.62 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.82 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 9.09 (s, 1H, NH), 12.59 (s, 1H, NH). LRMS (M+Na)

Found 563.15.

6-Amino-hexanoic acid {4-[3-(4-tert-butyl-benzoyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-amide trifluoroacetate (33)

Boc protected amine 32 (20 mg, 0.04 mmol) was stirred in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (166 μL) at rt for 30 min. Concentration in vacuo gave 33 as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.29 (m, 2H, CH₂) 1.30 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃), 1.59 (m, 4H, (CH₂)₂), 2.28 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.90 (m, 2H, CH₂), 7.60 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.75 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz, ArH), 8.75 (s(br), 1H, NH), 9.21 (s, 1H, NH), 12.50 (s, 1H, NH).

Immobilisation of 33 onto an Affinity Resin (Affigel-15)

Affigel-15 (BioRad) (1 mL) was washed with cold isopropanol and filtered. To the affigel (210 mg) was added dioxane (1 mL) 33 (2 mg) and excess triethylamine. The total volume was adjusted to 1.5 mL by the further addition of dioxane. The mixture was agitated at 4° C. for 24 h then centrifuged for 3 min at 3000 rpm. The mother liquor was decanted, fresh dioxane added and the mixture shaken. Centrifugation and decantation were repeated twice.

Compounds described above were tested for their activity and solubility and the results are shown in Table 2.

Biological Data Associated with the New Compounds

TABLE 2 Activity data: Compound P53 SIRT1 inhibition relative number activation^(a) IC₅₀ (μM) Solubility Category 1 Tenovin 1 2= n.d. 1 1 7  n.d. n.d. 5 8  32 ± 9 n.d. Tenovin 6 5= 21 7 6 2= 16 ± 3 7 7 2=  25 ± 10 n.d. 8 9  >60  11  21  1  n.d. n.d. 24  5= 29 n.d. ^(a)order of ability of analogues to activate p53 in cell based assay. this format has been selected due to difficulties in quantitating the p53 activation assay. n.d. = not determined 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to formula (I):

wherein, R¹ is, independently in each instance, either: selected from the group consisting of H, branched or unbranched mono-, di- or tri-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, aryl and Z-alkyl, Z-alkenyl, Z-alkynyl or Z-aryl, wherein Z is O, NH, N, or S; Y is absent or —C(O)—, —C(S)— or —SO₂—; Ar is aryl; Ar′ is a phenyl substituted at one or more available position by a C₂-C₁₀ branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are, either: each independently selected from the group consisting of H, branched or unbranched mono-, di- or tri-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and Z-alkyl, wherein Z is O, NH, N or S; or R³ and R⁴ are bound together to form a branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene or Z-alkene, wherein Z is O, NH, N or S, or a physiologically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen or a C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein Y is present.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein Y is —C(O)—.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein Ar′ is a phenyl substituted by a branched alkyl group.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6, where the branched alkyl group is isopropyl or tert butyl.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6, wherein the branched alkyl group is positioned in the para position of the phenyl ring to which it is bonded.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the portion R¹—Y—N(R¹)— of formula (I) is R¹—Y—N(H)—.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the compound is of formula (II):

wherein R² is said C₂-C₁₀ branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10, wherein R¹YNH— is R¹C(O)NH—.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10, wherein the groups R¹YNH— and/or R²— are in the para-position on the respective phenyl rings to which they are bonded.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein R¹ in R¹—Y—N(H)— is H, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl group.
 14. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, wherein the alkyl group is a C₃-C₆ straight chain alkyl.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, wherein R¹ is an alkyl or aryl group substituted one or more times with a group independently selected, at each occurrence, from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carboxy, alkyloxycarbonyl hydroxyl, amino, nitro, alkyloxy, alkylthio, formyl, cyano, carbamoyl, halo, a ketone, —S(O)NR⁷R⁸ and —S(O)R⁹, wherein R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
 16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, wherein the alkyl group is substituted at the free terminal end with a substituent selected from the group consisting of phenyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, alkyloxy, alkylthio, formyl, cyano, carbamoyl, halo, a ketone, —S(O)NR⁷R⁸ and —S(O)R⁹, wherein R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
 17. A compound according to formula (I):

wherein, R¹ is, independently in each instance, either: selected from the group consisting of H, branched or unbranched mono-, di- or tri-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, aryl and Z-alkyl, Z-alkenyl, Z-alkynyl or Z-aryl, wherein Z is O, NH, N, or S; or R¹ comprises a group which links to a label, probe or solvent solubilising group; Y is absent or —C(O)—, —C(S)— or —SO₂—; Ar is aryl; Ar′ is a phenyl substituted at one or more available position by a C₂-C₁₀ branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; and R³ and R⁴ are, either: each independently selected from the group consisting of H, branched or unbranched mono-, di- or tri-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and Z-alkyl, wherein Z is O, NH, N or S; or R³ and R⁴ are bound together to form a branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene or Z-alkene, wherein Z is O, NH, N or S, or a physiologically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof, with the proviso that the following compounds are excluded:


18. The compound according to claim 17, or a physiologically acceptable salt, solvate, or ester thereof, wherein R¹ in R¹—Y—N(H)— is an alkyl or aryl group substituted one or more times with a group independently selected, at each occurrence, from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynl, aryl, heteroaryl, carboxy, alkyloxycarbonyl hydroxyl, amino, nitro, alkyloxy, alkylthio, formyl, cyano, carbamoyl, halo, a ketone, —S(O)NR⁷R⁸ and —S(O)R⁹, wherein R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynl, aryl and heteroaryl. 